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O Iluminismo de Kant e o Positivismo de Durkheim em relação à Educação
(2001) ANDREOTTI, Azilde L.
Based on some of Kant's ideas about the role of education, in the book "On Pedagogy", I examine how in the 19th century, Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) resumes, within positivism, the role of education for the consolidation of the State bourgeois. The book "About Pedagogy" is composed of lecture notes given by Kant and was published after his death. In these texts, a German Illuminist, Kant developed some concepts of reason, freedom, discipline and individual autonomy. Analyzing the author in the light of the moment and context in which he wrote these notes, we identify him with the ideals of the European bourgeoisie of the 18th century. Kant's work, mainly "Critique of Pure Reason", places him as the philosopher who tries to make a synthesis between empiricism (senses) and rationalism (reason), issues that were already present in the 17th century. The Enlightenment, of which Kant is one of the expressive philosophers, meant a rationalist project that questioned the religious foundations of the feudal world, making the issue of faith secondary and changing the medieval perspective. Representative of the wishes of the bourgeoisie, the Enlightenment proposes a new way of apprehending reality, based on the individual's reason and autonomy.